No. 99-6004United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.Argued: June 10, 1999
Decided: August 16, 1999
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at Rock Hill. Henry M. Herlong, Jr., District Judge. (CA-98-3073-20BD)
ARGUED: George Robert DeLoach, III, Assistant Attorney General, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellants.
Jared Sullivan Newman, Port Royal, South Carolina, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Charles M. Condon, Attorney General, John W. McIntosh, Chief Deputy Attorney General, Donald J. Zelenka, Assistant Deputy Attorney General, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellants.
Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, and ERVIN and MICHAEL, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by published opinion. Chief Judge Wilkinson wrote the opinion, in which Judge Ervin and Judge Michael joined.
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WILKINSON, Chief Judge:
[1] Aundray Livingston claims that he was “twice put in jeopardy” for the offense of reckless homicide. The district court agreed, and we now affirm. I.
[2] Aundray Livingston caused the death of Linda Smoak while driving under the influence of marijuana. The South Carolina Court of General Sessions tried Livingston on two charges: reckless homicide and felony driving under the influence (felony DUI). Without objection from either party, the trial judge erroneously instructed the jury that if it found Livingston guilty it could convict on only one of the charges but not both. The jury found Livingston guilty of felony DUI and the judge sentenced him to twenty-five years in prison. After the trial, the solicitor marked “judicial dismissal” on the reckless homicide indictment and removed it from the court’s records. On appeal, the Supreme Court of South Carolina reversed Livingston’s felony DUI conviction. State v. Livingston, 488 S.E.2d 313 (S.C. 1997).
(S.C. 1986). The district court then enjoined prosecution of the reckless homicide charge and later granted the writ of habeas corpus. The felony DUI case resumed. As in the previous trial, the jury found Livingston guilty and the court sentenced him to twenty-five years in prison. In order to proceed with the reckless homicide charge, the State now appeals the district court’s grant of habeas corpus.
II.
[5] The State argues that jeopardy did not attach to the reckless homicide charge because the jury did not return a verdict on that count. Under the erroneous instructions, the jury could only choose one charge. From this the State reasons that the verdict shows merely that the jury chose to convict on felony DUI, not that it acquitted Livingston of reckless homicide.
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since silence in the first trial on that charge constituted an implicit acquittal). Under the Green decision, jeopardy attached because the jury implicitly acquitted Livingston of reckless homicide. Id.[*]
[8] Nor did Livingston invite the error as the solicitor contends. See United States v. Herrera, 23 F.3d 74, 75 (4th Cir. 1994) (a defendant cannot complain of an error that he invited). As the district court found, Livingston initially suggested the erroneous instruction, but the solicitor “led the argument with the trial judge” and neither party challenged it on appeal. The trial judge even asked whether the solicitor had any law to support his assertion that the jury could find Livingston guilty of only one of the two charges. The solicitor answered, “Yes sir,” despite the fact that no such law exists. [9] The State has had its fair opportunity to try Livingston for reckless homicide. A contrary judgment would run afoul of double jeopardy principles. Allowing a second trial for reckless homicide in this case would mean a prosecutor could strategically seek an instruction requiring a jury to choose between one of several charges and then, once the trial has ended, go after the defendant on undecided charges. Such a ruling would allow prosecutors to try defendants piecemeal, each time using a new jury to garner further convictions. [10] Any doubt that the jury’s silence operated as an implicit acquittal was removed when the solicitor nol prossed the case. Under South Carolina law, “If a nolle prosequi is entered after the jury is empaneled and sworn, it is equivalent to an acquittal, and the defendant cannot again be put in jeopardy for the same offense.” State v. Gaskins, 210 S.E.2d 590, 592 (S.C. 1974). Here the solicitor wrote “judicial dismissal” across the reckless homicide indictment. According to the solicitor, he wanted to ensure that the indictment would be administratively gone. The district court found that this amounted to a nolle prosequi. Because it was entered after the jury was empaneled, it constituted an acquittal and double jeopardy attached.III.
[11] The circumstances here are not wholly analogous to a mistrial or a reversal on appeal, each of which raises its own distinct set of double jeopardy issues. When a conviction is reversed on appeal, for example, a defendant ordinarily may be retried for the same offense. See Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33, 38 (1988); see also Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 16-17 (1978) (an exception exists for when a conviction is reversed for insufficient evidence). Here, Livingston was neither formally convicted nor acquitted of reckless homicide. The State did, however, have every opportunity to convict Livingston of reckless homicide at his initial trial and it failed to do so. See Terry v. Potter, 111 F.3d 454, 458 (6th Cir. 1997).
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